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“You Ought to See Her Now”
The Female Kings of the Music Hall and Vaudeville.
By Emily Brokamp
Contained in the collections of the Theatre Research Institute are a number of artifacts that give insight into the lives of talented women who achieved fame and fortune as men. These women found success on the British music hall and American vaudeville stages of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as male impersonators. Male impersonation acts were usually comedic performances that would contain undermining satire about men. The most common type of character exemplified in these performances was that of the ‘lover boy’ who would constantly get into trouble seducing young women. This trope can be seen in the work of Florence Tempest ([c.1891] – ?). Tempest was born as Clair Lillian Ijames in Richmond, Virginia. She rose to fame on the vaudeville stage performing alongside her sister Marion Sunshine, born Mary Ijames (1894 – 1963). The “Tempest and Sunshine” act centered on Tempest’s impersonation of a dashing young man and Sunshine’s portrayal of the innocent female love interest.

Oh You Tease”
Published by Harold Rossiter Music Co.
Their roles are clearly defined on the cover of their sheet music for the song “Oh You Tease” by Merritt W. Lund. Tempest is photographed holding a white-clad Sunshine in a tight embrace while both look seductively at the camera. The song itself is an appropriate representation of their act as it relates the agony a man feels when a lovely young woman teases his advances.
Tempest introduced the song “You Ought to See Her Now” by Harry Pease, Ed. G. Nelson, and Bob Russak in 1919. The song is a perfect example of the type of satire that male impersonators liked to include in their acts. Tempest is photographed in her ultra-masculine persona on the front of the sheet music for the number. She confidently smokes a cigarette and gives a sly smile to the camera while the image of a beautified women floats above her. The song is a critique from the male point-of-view of the excess amount of makeup and finery that a woman wears. Tempest’s performance of this song while dressed in a male costume can itself be viewed as a mockery of the male judgments proclaimed by the song of women who dress too feminine.

“You Ought to See Her Now”
Published by Jack Mills Inc. (1919)
Performing Gender Collection
Dubbed “London’s Pet Boy,” Claire Romaine ([c.1885] – ?) was another versatile performer with numerous different male characters in her repertoire. The cover of her sheet music for “Call ‘Round Any Old Time” shows her portraying a few different characters ranging from a professor to a beggar. Like Tempest’s, Romaine’s act was also comedic and centered around the portrayal of different male stereotypes along with bits of social commentary. “Call ‘Round Any Old Time” tells the story of a rich man and a poor man who meet in the street. The poor man initially thinks that the rich man will stab him, but instead he is invited to his house for dinner and the chorus sings of the value of accepting all kinds of people into your home. The message seems innocent enough, but the song takes on a deeper meaning after considering that Romaine was performing to an Edwardian crowd deeply divided by wealth and status during a period when the working-class of Britain was beginning to gain political power for the first time.

Call Round Any Old Time
One of the most famous male impersonators: Miss Vesta Tilley (1864 – 1952)
The most famous of the male impersonators was Miss Vesta Tilley (1864 – 1952). She is considered to be not only the greatest male impersonator, but also one of the greatest performers to come out of the British music halls. Tilley is credited with revolutionizing the practice of male impersonation because she sought to bring a convincing element to her performance and went with a realistic costume to pass off as male as opposed to the earlier effeminate ‘breeches roles.’ Tilley was born as Matilda Alice Powles in Worcestershire, England in 1864. She rose to fame in 1900 with the creation of her song “Burlington Bertie” and the vagrant male character that she based off of it. Like many of her peers, Tilley installed a fair amount of social commentary and satire into her performances that made her immensely popular amongst the working class. She also created a number of popular military personas during the Boer War and World War I that can be seen in the collection of her postcards held by the Theatre Research Institute. She performed these characters for soldier shows and recruitment drives that took her career to its all-time height.

Vesta Tilley in men’s dress
While male impersonators reached a decent level of fame and admiration, the scandal behind their performances did not go unnoticed. These women were performing to Victorian and Edwardian crowds that valued chaste, respectable women. A woman wearing pants and making raunchy jokes on-stage did not fit this ideal, although that was probably why they became so popular. When Vesta Tilley performed at the Royal Command in 1912, Queen Mary was reportedly so repulsed by the prospect of a women dressing as a man that she turned away from the stage during Tilley’s act. Because of this backlash, many male impersonators sought to hold onto their social reputation by underlining their femininity while offstage. Vesta Tilley made sure to always dress in the latest fashion, adorning herself in expensive furs and jewels. Her off-stage look can be observed on a signed photographic postcard held in the Theatre Research Institute’s collection. The postcard shows Tilley wearing a lace dress and fur shawl with an exquisitely adorned hat atop her head. Her facial expression, too, seeks to imitate the feminine ideal as she settles on a dutiful, soft, and solemn look. This is an immense difference from the other postcards held in the collection that show her dressed in suits and uniforms, often smiling and posing in athletic stances. Tilley’s retirement occurred in 1920 when her husband began to pursue politics. Her decision to retire came after reflecting on the fact that it wouldn’t befit a Parliamentary wife to be a male impersonator, regardless of how famous she was in the role.

Vesta Tilley in Women’s dress
More Postcard Images of Vesta Tilley in men’s dress

Vesta Tilley in men’s dress

The male impersonators of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries not only served as the foundation for modern drag king performances, but also as an aid for breaking down social and class barriers. They gave performances that openly mocked the political structures of the time and were an inspiration to women who sought independence in a highly patriarchal society. While many impersonators distanced themselves from their characters in their personal lives, the legacy they left on stage remains and the impact that it has had on gender-bending performances can still be seen today.
Works Cited
Dictionary of Women Worldwide. “Tempest, Florence (c. 1891-?).” 2007. Encyclopedia.com. January 2018. <www.encyclopedia.com>.
Doyle, J.D. Female and Male Impersonator Sheet Music. 2015. January 2018. <www.queermusicheritage.com>.
Encyclopedia Britannica. “Vesta Tilley.” 1 January 2018. Encyclopedia Britannica. January 2018. <www.britannica.com>.
Ferris, Lesley. Crossing the stage: controversies on cross-dressing. London: Routledge, 1993.
Fraser, Megan. “What a Drag!” 17 June 2014. UCLA Libraries. January 2018. <www.library.ucla.edu>.
Gardner, Lyn. “Ladies as Gentlemen: The cross-dressing women of Edwardian musical theatre.” 13 May 2010. The Guardian. January 2018. <www.theguardian.com>.
Gee, Dana. “Male impersonators in early 20th century American sheet music.” 19 February 2016. Houghton Library Blog. January 2018. <blogs.harvard.edu>.
Logiudice, Rosie. “Male Impersontors.” 16 February 2014. LGBT History Project. January 2018. <lgbthistoryproject.blogspot.com>.
“Male Impersonators all the rage in the music halls.” n.d. Heritage Daily. January 2018. <www.heritagedaily.com>.
Reitz Mullenix, Elizabeth. Wearing the breeches: gender on the antebellum stage. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.
Victoria and Albert Museum. “Vesta Tilley.” 2016. The Victoria and Albert Museum. January 2018. <www.vam.ac.uk>.
Discover the artiFACTS!
“You Ought to See Her Now”
The Female Kings of the Music Hall and Vaudeville.
By Emily Brokamp