ÿWPCÊ zt‚Æ`ŃÄÉSúTÏSŃÄÉSjŃBX $«šś‚ü“=Öól›q!śì9ҘX8 ”b©ófsħŒbțxVčMC8„m›8úy~暖ƒVû”Ôyš”œîy^“g9ôÿ(1ްĄ‚Šń\PQABäày9đÿÚT5ĆWdŐ!Ÿ‘/B\À†%jq$óW#ېmĂ]˜ŃC‘†”~Ïêâœ@©ăAá44ÛńÜ{VK†ČŠžĐŒxœtR­”3HËËjšt`9p€ž[ćmaNôFwžYêeŸäP0ƒAqÍُ(țüCXŚnˆš ÇjXké /eÎż\"’KœÛ­ŒrÎ;‚LȘ`R©Îź ś`7œÛQd­§ț1u_$ÒN·Ç–ŚIȘ/Ífüÿ*(ŁXsń”脯òÉÊĄ‡O–i-Zæè^0€ąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€0€or€€ąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€1€„„>€ąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€1.€€The€widths€ofÏP€and€R€branch€transitions€that€involve€ąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€0€are€systematically€larger€than€widthsÏof€the€ąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€1€transition;€two€examples€are€given€in€ò òTable€5ó ó.€These€empiricalĐ 2‚ Đobservations€lead€us€to€examine€the€widths€as€a€function€of€đ đąjmŁđđ€and€đ đkm,đđ€as€well€asÏąKaŁ+Kc„J;€ąjmŁ€equals€the€lower€state€J€for€P€and€Q€branch€lines,€and€ąjmŁ€equals€the€upperÏstate€J€for€R€branch€lines.€The€term€km€is€defined€in€a€similar€fashion;€€km€equals€lowerÏstate€ąKaŁ€for€ąđđKaŁ€equal€0€or€„1€and€upper€state€ąKaŁ€for€ąđđKaŁ€equal€+1.€€For€example,€inĐ úJ Đò òTable€5,ó ó€the€first€six€entries€all€correspond€to€ąjmŁ€=€2€and€km€=€1€while€the€last€four€areĐ ì< ĐąjmŁ€=€9€and€km€=€1.€For€this€reason€the€observed€widths€and€shifts€in€ò òAppendix€I€ó óareĐ Ț!. Đgrouped€according€to€common€values€of€ąjmŁ,€km€and€ąKaŁ+Kc„J,€ąđđJŁ€and€ąđđKaŁ.€€TheĐ Đ#   Đappendix€gives€the€upper€and€lower€state€rotational€quantum€numbers,€the€vibrationalÏidentify€of€the€upper€state€(since€all€reported€transitions€are€from€the€ground€state),€theÏmeasured€value€of€the€air„broadened€width€and€its€%rms€uncertainty,€the€pressure„inducedÏshift€in€position€and€its€rms€uncertainty.€€The€unit€for€all€but€the€widths€uncertainty€is€cmòò„Đ ˜+è&( Đ1óó/atm€near€296€K€(+0.5€K€and€„0.3€K).€The€measurements€cover€transitions€from€sevenĐ ° Đvibrational€bands,€but€the€majority€of€these€involve€three€states,€(003),€(201)€and€œ(121)›€thatÏgive€rise€to€parallel€bands.€Ìà ê àAll€the€observed€air„broadened€widths€and€pressured„induced€shifts€in€positions€areÏplotted€in€ò òFigs.€3ó ó€and€ò ò4ó ó,€respectively.€The€values€for€the€seven€bands€are€shown€as€aĐ x È Đfunction€of€km€+€0.06€x€Ô_ÔąjmŁÔ_Ô.€The€plot€symbols€are€distinguished€by€plots€symbols€đ đa,b,cđđÏfor€three€parallel€bands€involving€the€(201),€(121)€and€(003)€upper€states.€For€theÏperpendicular€bands€involving€the€(300),€(102),€(220)€and€(022)€upper€states,€the€plotÏsymbols€are€đ đd,e,f,gđđ.€The€measured€widths€€range€from€0.028€cmòò„1óó/atm€to€0.110€cmòò„1óó/atm.Đ @ ĐThe€shifts€are€all€negative€and€range€from€„0.002€to€„0.031€cmòò„1óó/atm.€€At€low€km,€theĐ 2‚ Đwidths€decrease€smoothly€and€rapidly€with€increasing€Ô_ÔąjmŁÔ_Ô,€while€at€moderate€and€higherÏkm,€the€patterns€in€the€widths€are€not€apparent.€At€low€km,€shifts€become€increasingÏnegative€with€increasing€Ô_ÔąjmŁÔ_Ô.€ÌÒĄ°Òà ê àFor€both€widths€and€shifts,€one€must€examine€small€subsets€of€the€widths€andÏpressure„induced€shifts€in€order€to€see€systematic€patterns€as€a€function€of€the€rotationalÏquantum€numbers.€€For€example,€in€ò òFigs.€5ó ó€and€ò ò6ó ó,€the€widths€and€shifts€of€three€parallelĐ Ț!. Đbands€involving€km€=€0€(which€is€ąKaŁ€=€0)€are€plotted€as€a€function€of€ąjmŁ€+€offset,Ïrespectively.€The€bands€are€denoted€by€their€upper€state€levels€using€plot€symbols€by€a„cÏto€distinguish€the€vibrational€bands€(201),€(121)€and€(003),€respectively.€The€P€branchÏtransitions€are€underlined.€An€offset€is€added€so€that€entries€from€different€bands€do€notÏoverlap€on€the€plot.€As€seen€in€ò òFig.€5ó ó,€the€widths€of€the€three€bands€are€similar€at€each€ąjmŁ,Đ ˜+è&( Đbut€there€are€small€differences€that€are€systematic.€€For€example,€the€km€=€0€widths€ofÏąđđòò1Łóó+ą2đđòò2Łóó+ąđđòò3Łóó€to€the€(121)€upper€state€are€generally€smaller€than€the€other€two€bandsĐ ąò Đinvolving€the€(003)€and€(201)€states.€€A€similar€difference€has€been€seen€by€ąGrossmanŁ€andÏąBrowellŁ(19)€who€reported€that€the€widths€of€(221)€were€smaller€than€those€of€(301).€Ìà ê àIn€ò òFig.€5,ó ó€the€widths€of€P€and€R€branch€transitions€in€the€same€vibrational€band€areĐ x È Đoften€almost€equal.€In€fact,€a€similar€behavior€has€been€observed€in€transitions€of€ąđđòò2Łóó€forĐ jș  ĐNòò2óó„,€€air„,€€self„€and€ąHòò2Łóó„€broadened€water€(24,25,32€and€the€references€therein).€€In€lookingĐ \Ź  Đat€the€corresponding€shifts€of€these€same€transitions,€shown€in€ò òFig.€6ó ó,€one€sees€that€the€PĐ Nž  Đbranch€shifts€of€all€three€parallel€bands€are€generally€more€negative€than€the€R€branchÏshifts.€€The€opposite€is€true€for€the€ąjmŁ€=€1€€sets€of€transitions.€€Interestingly,€the€R€branchÏtransitions€of€(121)€are€distinctly€less€negative€than€the€R€branch€shifts€of€the€other€twoÏbands.ÌÒƒ’Ҁà Û àFinally,€in€€ò òFigs.€7€a€and€b,€ó ó€the€widths€of€P€and€R€branch€transitions€of€eightĐ X Đparallel€bands€are€shown€as€a€function€of€ąjmŁ€for€km€=€1€and€ąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€0€(a)€€and€1€(b).ÏThe€bands€are€denoted€by€the€upper€state€level€and€corresponding€publication€using€plotÏsymbols€by€1„8.òò€óó€Measurements€of€ąđđòò3Łóó€at€2.7€đđmÔ_Ԁand€ąđđòò2Łóó+ąđđòò3Łóó€at€1.9€đđmÔ_Ԁ(26)€are€included.Đ Ț!. ĐThe€other€measurements€at€shorter€wavelength€are€from€ąPondardinŁ€and€ąBrowellŁ€(33)€atÏ0.83€đđmÔ_Ԁand€ąGrossmanŁ€and€ąBrowellŁ€at€0.72€đđmÔ_Ԁ(19).€€Within€each€plot,€there€are€someÏsystematic€offsets€for€some€of€the€bands€that€suggest€the€possibility€of€vibrationalÏdependence.€The€effects€of€the€asymmetry€of€the€water€molecule€are€seen€in€these€widths.ÏClose€inspection€of€the€two€plots€(a€and€b)€together€reveals€that€the€widths€of€(a)€areĐ š+ê&( Đgenerally€higher€than€those€of€(b).€While€not€plotted,€the€corresponding€widths€of€Q€branchÏtransitions€tend€to€fall€in€between€the€values€in€plots€(a)€and€(b).€This€occurs€because€QÏbranch€transitions€in€parallel€bands€follow€selection€rules€such€that€ąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€0€đ7đ€ąKaŁ+Kc„JĐ ”ä Đ=€1.€In€perpendicular€bands,€the€Q€branch€lines€follow€selection€rules€of€ąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€0€đ7đĐ † Ö ĐąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€0€and€ąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€€1€đ7đ€ąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€1€so€that€the€Q€branch€widths€of€the€twoĐ x È Đasymmetry€sets€are€greatly€different€while€the€perpendicular€band€P€and€R€branch€widthsÏfall€in€between€(see€Fig.€5€of€Ref.€32).ÌÒ°ĄÒà Û àWhile€we€were€preparing€this€manuscript,€the€air„broadened€widths€of€ąSchermaulŁÏet€al.€(7,8)€became€available€from€their€database.€€A€limited€comparison€of€the€two€studiesÏis€shown€in€ò òTable€7€ó óusing€some€of€the€transitions€listed€in€Table€5€because€theseĐ 2‚ Đtransitions€should€be€fairly€well€measured€by€both€studies.€The€transitions€are€grouped€byÏąjmŁ,€km€sets€with€the€expectation€that€these€widths€will€have€similar€values.€€TheÏcorresponding€present€values€and€ratio€are€computed.€The€average€ratio€is€1.04€đđ€2.8%€andÏindicates€good€consistency€between€the€measured€widths€of€the€two€investigations€despiteÏdifferent€choices€in€the€retrieval€process€(discussed€later€with€ò òTable€8ó ó).€€The€ąSchermaulŁĐ ì< Đet€al.€widths€range€from€0.0264€to€0.190€cmòò„1óó/atm;€this€upper€value€is€much€larger€than€theĐ Ț!. Đusual€range,€as€seen€in€Fig.€3;€this€is€probably€a€blended€feature€that€can€not€be€readilyÏinterpreted.€It€seems€likely€that€their€empirical€values€can€be€examined€as€a€function€of€ąjmŁ,Ïkm€and€ąKaŁ+K€„J€to€filter€out€suspicious€measurements.€€For€example,€by€inspecting€theÏ%rms€uncertainties€and€the€quantum€number€patterns,€we€discarded€over€20%€of€our€initialÏwidth€retrievals.€Đ ˜+è&( Їò òIsotopic€wateró óĐ ° Đà Û àWe€did€not€realize€until€after€we€finished€the€retrievals€that€the€database€parameters€Ïfor€the€other€œisotopomers›€of€water€in€this€spectral€region€were€so€inaccurate€andÏincomplete.€€The€remedy€for€the€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò17óóOŁ€parameters€became€available€with€the€appearanceĐ † Ö Đof€the€1999€study€by€ąCamyŁ„ąPeyretŁ€et€al.€œ(3).›€€In€principle,€a€similar€study€had€beenÏperformed€for€ąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁ€in€1987€by€ąChevillardŁ€et€al.€œ(4),›€but€electronic€versions€of€theirĐ nŸ  ĐąlinelistsŁ€were€not€easily€obtained.€€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂî­#ÔWe€therefore€elected€to€replace€the€existing€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁĐ `°  ĐÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂŽŻ#Ôparameters€with€a€modified€ąabŁ€ąinitioŁ€prediction.€€We€noted€that€for€all€the€ąisotopomersŁ€theĐ VŠ  Đground€state€levels€from€Partridge€and€ąSchwenkeŁ€œ(9)›€were€slightly€different€from€thoseÏobtained€by€Hamiltonian€analyses.€For€this,€reason,€both€the€lower€and€upper€state€levelsÏofÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂK±#Ԁpresented€by€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąChevillardŁ€et€al.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂŻ±#Ԁœ(4)›€were€used€to€recompute€many€line€positions€ofĐ ,| Đthe€seven€assigned€bands.€€Then€a€selection€of€their€reported€measured€intensities€fromÏenriched€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂźČ#Ԁsamples€was€compared€to€the€isotopic€ąabŁ€ąinitioŁ€calculation€so€that€scalingĐ d Đfactors€could€be€obtained€for€the€predicted€intensities.€œIntensities›€involving€four€upperÏstates€of€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂÎł#Ԁwere€multiplied€by€the€following€factors:€Ô‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ0.140€for€(0€4€1);€0.663€for€€(1Đ üL Đ2€1);€€1.200€for€(3€0€0);€€1.200€for€(2€0€1)Ô#† Š/śŠŠŠH2OŽ#Ô.€The€isotopic€abundances€of€0.002€and€0.00037Đ ò!B Đwere€then€applied€to€the€intensities€of€ąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁ€and€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò17óóOŁÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂu”#Ô,€respectively.Đ ä#4  Đà Û àOne€unsettled€issue€is€the€absolute€accuracy€of€the€isotopic€intensities.€In€the€presentÏstudy,€a€few€dozen€lines€of€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂo¶#Ԁdid€appear€in€the€highest€optical€density€spectrum,€but€Đ Ì'#$ Đour€retrieved€intensities€were€often€10€to€15%€higher€than€the€values€reported€byÏÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąChevillardŁ€et€al.€œ(4)Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂd·#Ô.›€We€considered€the€possibility€that€the€difference€resulted€from€anĐ Ž+'( Đenriched€isotopic€abundance€in€our€€spectrum;€as€discussed€later,€the€new€measurementsÏof€ąSchermaulŁ€et€al.€œ(7,8)›€do€not€resolve€this€problem.€Therefore€we€normalized€ąabŁ€ąinitioŁÏcalculation€to€the€more€numerous€reported€values€of€Ref.€4.ÌÌò òComparisons€of€databasesòòĐ x È Đóóó óà Û àThe€ultimate€objective€of€this€study€was€to€compile€an€improved€database€of€waterĐ jș  Đline€parameters.€A€parallel€effort€by€ąSchermaulŁ€et€al.€œ(7,8)›€resulted€in€a€separate€databaseÏand€so€we€contrast€the€two€investigations€using€ò òTables€8„10ó ó.€In€ò òTable€8ó ó,€we€summarizeĐ Nž  Đthe€relevant€aspects€of€the€laboratory€measurements€in€terms€of€instrument€operation,€gasÏconditions,€retrieval€methods€and€numbers€of€parameters€reported.€Two€research€objectivesÏwere€the€same€in€both€studies:€obtain€good€intensities€and€air„broadened€widths.€We€alsoÏrecorded€frequency„calibrated€spectra€so€that€absolute€positions€and€pressure„induced€shiftsÏcould€be€measured.€€ąSchermaulŁ€et€al.€did€not€attempt€the€calibration,€but€they€recordedÏspectra€at€room€and€cold€temperatures€in€an€effort€to€obtain€the€temperature€dependenceÏof€the€air„broadened€widths.€Neither€study€attempted€to€measure€self„broadeningÏcoefficients.€The€two€studies€made€somewhat€different€choices€during€the€retrieval€process.€ÏWe€used€a€Voigt€profile€and€adjusted€only€the€ąLorentzŁ€widths.€We€held€Doppler€widthsÏfixed€to€computed€values€and€used€self„broadened€widths€measured€in€other€bands.€TheÏąSchermaulŁ€et€al.€study€had€higher€air€pressure€and€higher€signal€to€noise,€and€they€foundÏthat€the€Voigt€profile€failed€to€reproduce€the€observed€line€shape.€To€compensate,€theyÏadjusted€simultaneously€both€the€Doppler€and€ąLorentzŁ€widths.€They€constrained€the€self„Đ ˜+è&( Đbroadened€widths€to€be€proportional€to€the€air„broadened€width€for€each€transition.€As€seen€Ïin€the€comparison€of€selected€lines€indicated€in€Table€6€and€also€the€summations€ofÏintensities€listed€in€Table€9,€the€absolute€intensities€of€the€two€studies€differ€by€6%€to€7%.ÏWe€have€confidence€in€our€values€because€we€used€16€pure€gas€spectra€recorded€over€anÏperiod€of€14€years€and€found€only€one€problem€spectrum;€our€intensities€are€also€withinÏ3%€of€three€other€studies.€The€air„broadened€widths€of€the€two€studies€appear€to€be€inÏbetter€agreement.€€Their€widths€appear€to€be€larger€perhaps€because€they€adjusted€theÏDoppler€widths€to€compensate€for€narrowing€so€that€their€đ đąLorentzŁđđ€widths€haveÏcorresponding€larger€values.€Nevertheless,€the€air„broadened€widths€from€the€two€studiesÏtaken€together€could€provide€a€wealth€of€information€for€future€analysis.€Ìà Û àIn€Ô_ÔÔ_Ôò òTable€9,€ó ówe€summarize€the€sources€of€information€used€to€construct€the€twoĐ $t Đdatabases.€For€our€new€ąlinelistŁ,€some€3300€measured€positions€and€intensities€of€the€mainÏąisotopomerŁ€were€merged€with€the€prediction€of€ąHòò2óóòò17óóOŁ€by€ąCamyŁ„ąPeyretŁ€et€al.€œ(3)›€and€aĐ X Đmodified€version€of€theÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀÔ#† Š/śŠŠŠH2Ä#ÔąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁ€ąabŁ€ąinitioŁ€prediction€œ(9).›€No€ąHòò2óóòò16óóOŁ€transitions€were€takenĐ úJ Đfrom€the€ąabŁ€ąinitioŁ€calculation,€however.€Measured€air„broadened€widths€and€pressure„Œinduced€shifts€in€positions€of€ąHòò2óóòò16óóOŁ€were€inserted€according€to€the€assumed€assignment.€Đ Ț!. ĐValues€for€the€main€ąisotopomerŁ€were€applied€to€the€other€two€€ąisotopomersŁ.€€For€theÏwidths€of€transitions€not€measured€in€the€present€study,€look„up€tables€of€widths€wereÏformed€by€averaging€the€measured€widths€from€up€to€eight€parallel€bands€and€up€to€fourÏperpendicular€bands.€€For€air„broadened€shifts,€default€constants€of€„0.011€cmòò„1óó/atm€wereĐ Š)ö$& Đused€for€unmeasured€transitions.€€For€the€self„broadened€widths,€values€from€bands€at€Ô‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ6,Đ ˜+è&( Đ2.7,€1.9€and€0.72€đđmÔ#† Š/śŠŠŠH2nÇ#Ԁwere€used.€€For€the€temperature€dependence€of€the€widths,€the€scantĐ ° Đdata€of€ąRemediosŁ€(20)€and€ąGrossmanŁ€and€ąBrowellŁ€(18)€were€inserted€for€all€transitionsÏwith€the€same€rotational€quanta.€For€unmeasured€transitions,€a€crude€approximation€(đđÏ50%)€was€estimated€from€these€measurements;€for€example,€the€values€applied€were€n€=Ï0.80€at€ąjmŁ€=€1„ąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁ„>4;€n€=€0.74€at€ąjmŁ€=€6;€n€=€0.65€at€ąjmŁ€=€8;€n€=€0.50€at€ąjmŁ€=€11;€n€=€0.35Ïfor€ąjmŁ€>€13.€Of€course,€there€is€likely€to€be€significant€đ đkmđđ€and€asymmetry€dependenceÏfor€the€temperature€dependence€of€the€widths€that€is€not€mapped€by€this€overly€simpleÏscheme,€but€we€hope€it€more€often€provides€a€closer€value€than€a€default€constant€for€allÏtransitions.Ìà Û àąSchermaulŁ€et€al.€(8)€detail€the€construction€of€their€ąlinelistŁ,€and€in€ò òTable€9ó ó€this€isĐ 2‚ Đcontrasted€to€our€list.€€€For€the€0.94€đđm€region,€these€authors€measured€some€1900Ïintensities€and€air„broadened€widths;€the€attempt€to€obtain€the€temperature€dependence€ofÏthe€widths€has€thus€far€resulted€in€one€average€coefficient.€For€the€positions,€they€insertedÏeither€the€observed€values€of€ąChevillardŁ€et€al.€(2)€or€values€computed€from€upper€stateÏlevels.€However,€it€appears€that€they€may€have€used€the€ground€state€of€the€ąabŁ€ąinitioŁÏcalculation€rather€than€that€of€the€original€work€(2)€so€that€some€positions€are€off€by€moreÏthan€0.01€cmòò„1óó.€For€the€intensities,€they€used€their€1900€measurements€supplemented€byĐ Đ#   Đsome€10000€intensities€from€the€ąabŁ€ąinitioŁ€prediction€for€ąHòò2óóòò16óóOŁ.€€However,€their€measuredĐ Â%!" Đlines€account€for€98.85%€of€the€total€integrated€absorption€in€œthis›€region.€Thus,€while€theirÏintegrated€intensity€for€the€database€in€this€region€is€7.6%€higher€than€our€value,€thisÏoccurs€primarily€because€their€reduction€of€the€€laboratory€data€give€correspondingly€higherĐ ˜+è&( Đintensities€compared€to€the€present€and€the€other€studies€shown€in€ò òTable€6ó ó.€€Ô‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔForĐ ° Đcomparison,€the€corrected€HITRAN€œ(10,13)›€value€isÔ#† Š/śŠŠŠH2kŃ#Ԁ6.8%€lower€than€our€integratedĐ ąò Đabsorption.Ìà Û àIn€ò òTable€10ó ó,€we€show€five€transitions€of€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂsÒ#Ԁas€they€are€represented€in€threeĐ † Ö Đcompilations.€€These€particular€transitions€are€selected€to€highlight€both€the€improvementsÏand€the€shortcomings€for€the€line€parameters.€In€each€block,€the€firstÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀ€row€is€from€the€1996Đ nŸ  ĐHITRAN€œdatabase(10)›€as€corrected€by€Giver€et€œal.(13),›€but€this€may€in€fact€be€a€prediction€Ïcreated€for€the€original€database€in€1973€œ(12).›€The€second€row€is€from€ąSchermaulŁ€et€al.Ϝ(7,8)›€€who€relied€on€the€HITRAN€list€for€their€isotopic€assignments.€The€third€row€is€fromÏthe€present€authors€who€modified€the€ąabŁ€ąinitioŁ€prediction€with€experimental€results€reportedÏby€ąChevillardŁ.€et€al.€œ(4)Ô#† Š/śŠŠŠH2 Ó#ÔÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ;›€the€fourth€row€shows€the€measured€position€and€intensity€of€ąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁĐ (x Đfrom€Ref.€4.€The€Ô#† Š/śŠŠŠH2ŁŐ#ÔąSchermaulŁ€et€al.€database€does€list€23€transitions€labelled€as€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÞÖ#Ô,€butĐ j Đas€seen€inò ò€Table€10,€ó óit€seems€that€these€are€really€some€other€assignment;€effectively€noneĐ ` Đof€the€other€ąisotopomersŁ€are€actually€included.€Their€1900€air„broadened€widths€of€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò16óóOŁÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂŰŚ#ÔĐ R Đwere€inserted€for€all€ąisotopomersŁ.€For€all€unmeasured€transitions€they€used€an€approximateÏexpression,€and€for€the€self„broadened€widths,€they€used€the€air„broadened€width€scaledÏby€5.41.€€There€were€no€pressure€shifts,€and€the€old€default€temperature€dependence€ofÏ0.68€was€used€rather€than€their€individual€measurements.€For€our€list,€we€placed€theÏisotopic€transitions€closer€to€the€actual€positions,€but€the€observed€and€calculated€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂűÙ#ÔĐ À'#$ Đintensities€clearly€need€further€investigation.€€We€inserted€air„€and€self„broadened€widthsÏof€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò16óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂÁÚ#ÔOŁ€from€empirical€values€taken€from€this€and€other€spectral€regions,€and€theseĐ š+ű&( Đsometimes€differ€greatly€from€those€assumed€in€the€ąSchermaulŁ€study.€Before€applyingÏthese€widths€and€shifts,€we€filtered€out€what€we€perceived€to€be€bad€measurements.€WeÏprovided€an€estimated€temperature€dependence€for€the€widths€as€a€function€of€ąjmŁ,€but€thisÏscheme€does€not€map€the€variation€of€temperature€dependence€with€km€and€asymmetry.€ÏLike€ąSchermaulŁ€et€al.,€we€guessed€at€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò16óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂúÜ#ÔOŁ€assignments€based€on€the€best€availableĐ x È Đprediction€œand€combination€differences.€Particularly€suspicious€are€our€assignments€to€hotÏbands€and€other€weak€bands€in€the€region.€Future€analyses€will€no€doubt€uncover€someÏmistakes€because€it€is€very€difficult€to€compile€a€reliable€database€when€the€theoreticalÏmodels€fail€to€reproduce€the€observed€data.Ìà Û àIn€ò òFig.€8ó ó,€we€compare€of€observed€and€synthetic€spectra€for€the€interval€betweenĐ 6† Đ10500€and€10520€cmòò„1óó€usingò ò€€a)ó óÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀthe€1996€HITRAN€database€as€corrected€by€Giver€et€al.Đ (x Đ(13)€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂdß#Ôò ò€b)ó óÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀthe€ąSchermaulŁ€et€al.€database€(8)›€and€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂÿß#Ôò òc)ó óÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀthe€new€composite€database€from€theĐ n Đpresent€study.€The€dotted€line€is€computed,€and€the€solid€line€is€observed.€The€residual€plotÏis€designed€so€that€positive€(upward)€values€are€produced€if€the€calculated€line€is€tooÏstrong,€and€negative€(downward)€values€if€the€calculated€line€is€too€weak€or€missing.€ÏResiduals€with€adjacent€positive€and€negative€residuals€of€equal€amplitude€usually€ariseÏfrom€errors€in€line€positions.€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂsà#ÔMost€of€the€large€errors€with€the€corrected€HITRAN€list€inĐ Ü#,  Đò òFig.€8€a€ó óoccur€because€features€with€multiple€assignments€were€listed€with€the€totalĐ Ò%"!" Đabsorption€of€the€feature€rather€than€apportioning€relative€intensities.€In€the€present€study,Ïan€attempt€was€made€to€perform€the€proper€apportioning€using€the€relative€intensities€givenÏin€the€ąabŁ€ąinitioŁ€prediction€œ(9)›€while€retaining€the€total€observed€intensity€for€eachĐ š+ű&( Đunresolvable€feature.€€The€large€residuals€with€the€ąSchermaulŁ€et€al.€database€in€ò òFig.€8€bó óĐ ° Đoccur€because€there€is€a€systematic€offset€in€the€laboratory€intensities,€and€the€partitioningÏof€intensities€within€blends€was€handled€differently€in€their€0.03€cmòò„1óó€resolution€spectra.Đ ”ä ĐThere€are€also€a€number€of€line€position€errors.€In€the€present€study,€the€synthetic€andÏobserved€spectra€were€compared€repeatedly€for€the€whole€region€using€low,€medium€andÏhigh€optical€density€spectra€so€that€faults€could€be€detected€and€corrected.€Nevertheless,Ïnone€of€these€representations€is€perfect,€and€further€improvements€should€be€pursued.€Ìòòò òÌÓ  ÓóóFUTURE€WORKòò€ó óóóĐ @ ĐÒtƒÒÓçÓà Ì àIdeally,€for€the€databases,€the€line€parameters€of€water€should€be€obtained€fromÏreliable€calculations€of€positions,€intensities€and€broadening€based€on€the€successfulÏmodeling€of€measurements€to€within€experimental€accuracies.€€Until€this€can€be€achieved,Ïthe€databases€must€rely€on€empirical€measurements€or€less€accurate€calculations.€TheÏmeasurements€presented€here€are€thought€to€be€reliable€for€well€isolated€features€of€theÏmain€ąisotopomerŁ.€€For€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁ€and€ąHòò2óóòò17óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ8é#ÔOŁ,€the€available€parameters€have€not€beenĐ ì< Đindependently€evaluated€here.€There€are€also€a€number€of€missing€weak€lines€of€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò16óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ1ê#ÔOŁ€andĐ â!2 Đalso€numerous€hidden€transitions€that€are€overlapped€by€stronger€features.€Finally,€betterÏfrequency€calibration€standards€are€needed€for€this€spectral€region.Ìà Ì àIn€1994,€Toth€(27)€measured€four€spectra€to€obtain€several€hundred€empiricalÏintensities€for€the€0.82€đđm€region.€Recently,€ąPonsardinŁ€and€ąBrowellŁ€(33)€remeasured€40€ofÏthese€transitions€and€reported€intensities€that€were€9.5%€(đđ€4.5%)€higher.€In€the€presentĐ  +đ&( Đstudy,€we€€determined€that€lowest€optical€density€spectrum€of€these€four€scans€(indicatedÏin€ò òTable€3)ó ó€gave€intensities€that€were€8%€too€low,€but€the€other€three€scans€were€consistentĐ ąò Đwith€the€present€data.€We€expect€that€new€measurements€will€indicate€that€the€weakerÏtransitions€from€Ref.€(27)€are€more€accurate€than€the€stronger€lines.€Ìà Ì àUsing€€ąabŁ€ąinitioŁ€predictions€to€include€missing€weak€€transitions€is€a€very€good€idea.ÏHowever,€care€must€be€taken€to€obtain€the€best€possible€positions€using€experimental€upperÏstate€levels€and€the€corresponding€ground€state€(and€the€lowest€fundamentals)€from€theÏHamiltonian€analyses,€as€was€done€here€for€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂï#Ô.€The€intensities€of€the€weaker€bandsĐ Nž  Đshould€also€be€analyzed€to€determine€if€the€predicted€intensities€should€be€scaled.€TheÏvibrational€upper€states€of€€transitions€are€difficult€to€ascribe€correctly€in€a€calculationÏinvolving€large€ąpolyadsŁ,€but€this€may€be€remedied€as€better€ab€initio€predictions€areÏpursued€(34).€It€requires€considerable€time€and€attention€to€detail€in€order€to€combineÏempirical€and€predicted€lists.€It€should€always€be€done€with€high€resolution€laboratoryÏspectra€available€in€order€to€validate€the€results.Ìà Ì àA€great€deal€also€remains€to€be€done€for€the€line€shape€parameters.€In€particular,€theÏtemperature€dependence€of€the€air„€and€self„€broadened€widths€is€largely€unknown€forÏwater€and€require€new€measurements€at€all€wavelengths.The€combined€air„broadenedÏwidths€at€room€temperature€from€the€present€study€and€ąSchermaulŁ€et€al.€can€provideÏcompatible€data€to€guide€future€theoretical€efforts€such€as€those€of€ąGamacheŁ€et€al.€(35).€InÏaddition,€€others€are€currently€measuring€self„€and€€nitrogen„broadened€widths€and€shifts,Ïas€well€as€positions€and€intensities,€between€8000€and€26000€cmòò„1óó€(36,37).ò òĐ œ+ì&( ĐÓ  ÓCONCLUSIONó óĐ ° ĐÓôÓÒ°tÒà  àThe€present€effort€represents€a€major€improvement€for€the€9650€„€11400€cmòò„1€óóregion€Đ ąò Đof€water€by€providing€in€database€format€the€calibrated€vacuum€positions,€line€intensities,Ïair„broadened€widths€and€shifts€of€the€strongest€features€and€reasonable€estimates€of€theÏself„broadening€coefficients€from€other€vibrational€states.€For€the€best€positions,€theÏprecisions€are€thought€to€be€0.0003€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔcmòò„1óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂö#Ԁand€the€absolute€accuracies€are€0.001€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔcmòò„1óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÆö#Ô.€ForĐ jș  Đthe€intensities€and€widths,€the€accuracies€are€3%€for€the€best€lines.€For€blended€and€veryÏweak€features,€the€accuracies€are€degraded€and€range€from€0.002€to€0.008€Ô‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔcmòò„1óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÐś#ԀforĐ Rą  Đpositions€and€from€15%€to€25%€for€intensities.€To€form€an€improved€database,€these€haveÏbeen€combined€with€available€analyses€of€the€ąisotopomersŁ,€œthereby›€replacing€the€poorlyÏcharacterized€data€that€have€been€on€the€HITRAN€compilation€for€more€than€two€decades.ÏThe€bands€of€this€Ô_ÔąpolyadŁÔ_Ԁshould€now€be€modeled€by€quantum€mechanics€to€provide€aÏgood€prediction€of€the€weaker€features€and€to€clarify€the€assignments€of€the€observedÏfeatures.ÌÓ  Óò òÌACKNOWLEDGMENTSó óĐ æ!6 ĐÓÒùӀà  àThe€authors€wish€to€thank€the€National€Solar€Observatory€at€€Kitt€Peak€€for€the€useĐ Ű#(  Đof€the€FTS€and€C.€ąPlymateŁ€for€assistance€in€obtaining€the€Hòò2óóO€spectra.€We€also€thank€Ô‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀC.Đ Ê%!" ĐÔ_ÔąCamyŁÔ_Ô-ąÔ_ÔPeyretŁÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2ëú#Ô,€D.€ąSchwenkeŁ,€L.€Giver€and€M.€ąCarleerŁ€for€making€ąlinelistsŁ€available€to€us.Đ Œ' #$ ĐPart€of€the€research€described€in€this€paper€was€performed€at€the€Jet€PropulsionÏLaboratory,€California€Institute€of€Technology,€under€contract€with€The€NationalĐ  +đ&( ĐAeronautics€and€Space€Administration.ÌÌÌò òÓ  ÓREFERENCESó óĐ † Ö ĐÓÌüÓ1.€J.€W.€ąSwenssonŁ,€W.€S.€Benedict,€L.€ąDelbouilleŁ,€and€G.€ąRolandŁ,€The€solar€spectrumÏfrom€7498€to€12016€A.€ąMemŁ.€ąSocŁ.€R.€ąSciŁ.€Liege.€Special€volume€No€5.€Liege,€Belgium,Ï1970.ÌÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ2.€J.€P.€Ô_ÔąChevillardŁÔ_Ô,€J.ąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁ-Y.€Ô_ÔMandinÔ_Ô,€J.ąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁ-M.€Ô_ÔąFlaudŁÔ_Ô,€and€C.€Ô_ÔąCamyŁÔ_Ô-ąÔ_ÔPeyretŁÔ_Ô,€òòCan.€J.€Phys.€óóò ò67ó ó,Đ Nž  Đ1065-1084€(1989).Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2Äę#ÔĐ B’ ĐÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ3.€€C.€Ô_ÔąCamyŁÔ_Ô-ąÔ_ÔPeyretŁÔ_Ô,€J.€M.€Ô_ÔąFlaudŁÔ_Ô,€J€.Y.€Ô_ÔMandinÔ_Ô,€A.€Ô_ÔąBykovŁÔ_Ô,€O.€Ô_ÔąNaumenkoŁÔ_Ô,€L.€Ô_ÔąSinitsaŁÔ_Ô,€andĐ 4„ ĐB.€Ô_ÔąVoroninŁÔ_Ô,€òòJ.€ąQuantŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁÔ_Ô.€Rad.€Transferóó€ò ò61ó ó,€795-812€(1999).Đ &v ĐÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2*#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ4.€€J.€P.€Ô_ÔąChevillardŁÔ_Ô,€J.ąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁ-Y.€Ô_ÔMandinÔ_Ô,€J.ąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁ-M.€Ô_ÔąFlaudŁÔ_Ô,€and€C.€Ô_ÔąCamyŁÔ_Ô-ąÔ_ÔPeyretŁÔ_Ô,€òòąCanadŁ.€J.€Physóó.€ò ò65ó ó,Đ j Đ777-789€(1987).€ÌÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2k#Ô5.€L.€P.€Giver,€B.€Gentry,€G.€Ô_ÔąSchwemmerŁÔ_Ô,€and€T.€D.€Ô_ÔWilkersonÔ_Ô,€Ô‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔòòJ.€ąQuantŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁÔ_Ô.€Rad.Đ P ĐTransferóó€ò ò27,ó ó€423-436€(1982).€Đ ôD ĐÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2u #Ô6.€Z.€ąChuŁ,€T.€D.€Ô_ÔWilkersonÔ_Ô,€and€U.€N.€ąSinghŁ,€€òòąApplŁ.€Opt.óó€ò ò32ó ó,€992-996€(1993).€Đ è!8 Đ7.€R.€ąSchermaulŁ,€R.€C.€M.€Learner,€D.€A.€ąNewnhamŁ,€R.€G.€Williams,€J.€ąBallardŁ,€N.€F.ÏąZobovŁ,€D.€ąBelmiloudŁ,€and€J.€Tennyson,€òòJ.€ąMolŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁóóÔ_ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.€ò ò208ó ó,€32-42€(2001).Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÚ #ÔĐ Î%!" Đ(ądoiŁ:10.1006/ąjmspŁ.2001.8373)€ÌÒ’°Ò8.€€R.€ąSchermaulŁ,€R.€C.€M.€Learner,€D.€A.€ąNewnhamŁ,€R.€G.€Williams,€J.€ąBallardŁ,€N.€F.ÏąZobovŁ,€D.€ąBelmiloudŁ,€and€J.€Tennyson,€òòJ.€ąMolŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁóóÔ_ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.€ò ò208ó ó,€43-50€(2001).Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂû #ÔĐ Ź+ü&( Đ(ądoiŁ:10.1006/ąjmspŁ.2001.8373)€Ì9.€€H.€Partridge€and€D.€W.€€Ô_ÔąSchwenkeŁÔ_Ô,€òòJ.€Chem.€Phys.óó€ò ò106ó ó,€4618-4639€(1997).€€Đ ąò Đ10.€L.€S.€ąRothmanŁ,€C.€P.€ąRinslandŁ,€A.€ąGoldmanŁ,€S.€T.€ąMassieŁ,€D.€P.€Edwards,€J.ąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁ„M.€ąFlaudŁ,ÏA.€ąPerrinŁ,€C.€ąCamyŁ„ąPeyretŁ,€V.€ąDanaŁ,€J.€„Y.€Mandin,€J.€ąSchroederŁ,€A.€ąMcCannŁ,€R.€R.ÏąGamacheŁ,€R.€B.€ąWattsonŁ,€K.€ąYoshinoŁ,€K.€V.€Chance,€K.€W.€ąJucksŁ,€L.€R.€Brown,€V.ÏNemtchinov,€and€P.€ąVaranasiŁ,€€òòJ.€ąQuantŁ.€ąSpectroscŁ.€€Rad.€Transferóó€ò ò60ó ó,€665-710€(1998)€andĐ lŒ  Đreferences€therein.Ì11.€N.€Ô‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔąJacquinetŁ-ąHussonŁ,€E.€ąArieŁ,€A.€ąBarbeŁ,€L.€R.€Brown,€C.€ąCamyŁ-ąPeyretŁ,€J.€P.€Đ Rą  ĐChampion,€A.€ąChedinŁ,€A.€€ąChursinŁ,€C.€ąClerbauxŁ,€G.€ąDuxburyŁ,€J.ąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁ„M.Ô#† Š/śŠŠŠH2"#ÔÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀąFlaudŁ,€N.€ąFourrieŁ,€Đ D” ĐA.€ąFaytŁ,€G.€ąGranerŁ,€R.€R.€ąGamacheŁ,€A.€ąGoldmanŁ,€G.€Guelachvili,€J.€M.€ąHartmannŁ,€J.€C.€ÏąHillicoŁ,€G.€ąLefevreŁ,€V.€€ąNaumenkoŁ,€A.€ąNikitinŁ,€A.€ąPerrinŁ,€D.€Reuter,€L.€€ąRosenmannŁ,€L.ÏS.€ąRothmanŁ,€N.€A.€€Scott,€J.€ąSelbyŁ,€L.€N.€€ąSinitsaŁ,€J.€M.€ąSirotaŁ,€A.€Smith,€K.€Smith,Vi.€G.ÏąTyuterevŁ,€R.€H.€Tipping,€S.€Urban,€P.€€ąVaranasiŁ,€€and€M.€Weber,òò€€J.€ąQuantŁ.€ąSpectroscŁ.Đ  \ ĐRad.€Transferóó.€ò ò62ó ó,€205-254€(1999).Ô#† Š/śŠŠŠH2…#ÔĐ P Đ12.€R.€A.€ąMcClatcheyŁ,€W.€S.€Benedict,€S.€A.€ąCloughŁ,€D.€E.€ąBurchŁ,€R.€F.€ąCalfeeŁ,€K.€Fox,ÏL.€S.€ąRothmanŁ,€and€J.€S.€ąGaringŁ,€ąAFCRLŁ€atmospheric€absorption€line€parametersÏcompilation,€Air€Force€Cambridge€Research€Laboratory,€Rep.€No,€ąTRŁ„0096€(1973).Ì13.Ô‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀL.€P.€Giver,€C.€Ô_ÔąChackerianŁÔ_Ô,€Jr.ń#0ń€›,ń#0ńń$0ń,€ń$0ńń$0ń›ń$0ńand€P.€ąVaranasiŁ,€€€òòJ.€ąQuantŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁÔ_Ô.€Rad.€TransferĐ Ê%!" Đóóò ò66,ó ó€101-105€(2000).€Đ Ÿ'#$ Đ14.€D.€ąBelmiloudŁ,€R.€ąSchermaulŁ,€K.€M.€Smith,€N.€F.€ąZobovŁ,€J.€W.€ąBraultŁ,€R.€C.€M.ÏLearner,€D.€A.€ąNewnhamŁ,€and€J.€Tennyson,€Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2Ś#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔòòąGeophysŁ.€Res.€ąLettsŁ.óó€ò ò27ó ó,€3703„3706€(2000).Đ ą+ò&( Đ15.€R.€R.€ąGamacheŁ,€J.€M.€ąHartmanŁ,€and€L.€ąRosenmannŁ,€òòJ.€ąQuantŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁÔ_Ô.€Rad.€TransferóóĐ ° Đò ò52ó ó,€481-499€(1994).Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2š#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ €ô ĐÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2í#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ16.€J.ąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁ-Y.€Ô_ÔMandinÔ_Ô,€Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2D#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔJ.€P.€Ô_ÔąChevillardŁÔ_Ô,€C.€Ô_ÔąCamyŁÔ_Ô-ąÔ_ÔPeyretŁÔ_Ô,€and€J.ąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁ-M.€Ô_ÔąFlaudŁÔ_Ô,Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2’#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2h #ÔòòJ.€ąMolŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁóóÔ_ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.Đ –æ Đò ò138ó ó,€272-281€(1989).Đ Ž Ț ĐÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂæ #ÔÔ_Ô17.€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔJ.€P.€Ô_ÔąChevillardŁÔ_Ô,€J.ąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁ-Y.€Ô_ÔMandin,Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2Ą!#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀC.€Ô_ÔąCamyŁÔ_Ô-ąÔ_ÔPeyretŁÔ_Ô,€and€J.ąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁ-M.€Ô_ÔąFlaudŁÔ_Ô,Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2##ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔòò€ąCanadŁ.€J.€Phys.ò òóó€69ó ó,Đ ˆ Ű Đ1286„1298€(Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂÇ%#Ô1991).€€€€€Đ ‚Ò  Đ18.€B.€E.€ąGrossmannŁ€and€E.€V.€ąBrowellŁ,€€òòJ.€ąMolŁ.€ąSpectroscŁ.€óóò ò136ó ó,€264-294€(1989).Đ xÈ  Đ19.€B.€E.€ąGrossmannŁ€and€E.€V.€ąBrowellŁ,€€òòJ.€ąMolŁ.€ąSpectroscŁ.óó€ò ò138ó ó,€562-595€(1989).€Đ lŒ  Đ20.€J.€J.€ąRemediosŁ,€D.€Phil.€thesis,€Oxford€University€(1990),€Experimental€DeterminationsÏof€the€Air-€and€Nòò2óó-broadened€Line€Widths€of€Strong€Lines€in€the€ąđđòò2Łóó€Band€of€Hòò2óóO:€LineĐ Rą ĐWidths€€and€their€Temperature€ąDependencesŁ€at€243€K€and€298€K.ÌÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ21.€R.€R.€ąGamacheŁ€and€R.€W.€ąDaviesŁ,€Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2y(#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀòòąApplŁ.€Optóó.€ò ò22ó ó,€4013-4019€(1983).Đ 6† Đ22.€€R.€R.€ąGamacheŁ€and€L.€S.€ąRothmanŁ,€€òòJ.€ąMolŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁÔ_Ô.óó€ò ò128ó ó,€360-369€(1988).Đ *z ĐÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2ă(#Ô23.€J.€Ô‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔAnderson,€CÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2*#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ.€ąBrognieŁ,€L.€ąCazieŁ,€V.€K.€ąSaxenaŁ,€J.€ąLenobleŁ,€and€M.€P.€ąMcCormickŁ,Đ n ĐÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2T*#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔòòJ.€ąGeophysŁ.€Res.€-ąAtmosŁóó€ò ò105ó ó,€2013-2027€(2000Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2ű*#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ).Đ  ` Đ24.€R.€A.€Tothòò,€J.€ąMolŁ.€ąSpectroscŁ.ò ò€óó201ó ó,€218„243€(2000).€(ądoiŁ:10.1006€/ąjmspŁ.2000.8098)€Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2v+#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ "T ĐÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH29,#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ25.€€R.€A.€Toth,€L.€R.€Brown,€and€C.€ąPlymateŁ,€òòJ.€ąQuantŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁÔ_Ô.€Rad.€Transferóó€ò ò59ó ó,€529„Đ ű#H  Đ562€(1998).ÌÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2,#ÔÓ  Ó26.€R.€A.€Toth€(unpublished€data).Đ Ț'.#$ Đ27.€R.€A.€Toth,€Ô‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀòòJ.€ąMolŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁÔ_Ô.óó€Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2Ń-#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔò ò166ó ó,€176„183€(1994)ąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁąŁÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2Q.#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ.(ądoiŁ:10.1006€/ąjmspŁ.1994.1183)€Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2ž.#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ Đ) %& ĐÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2/#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔÓ  Ó28.€L.€R.€Brown€and€C.€ąPlymateŁ,Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2t/#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀ€òòJ.€ąMolŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁÔ_Ô.óó€Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2ă/#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔò ò199ó ó,€166„179€(2000)Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2d0#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ.Đ Ä+'( Đ(ądoiŁ:10.1006/ąjmspŁ.1999.8012)€Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2ż0#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ ° ĐÓ“/ÓÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH281#ÔÒƒ’ÒÓ  Ó29.€L.€R.€Brown,€J.€S.€€Ô_ÔąMargolisŁÔ_Ô,€R.€H.€ąNortonŁ,€and€B.€A.€Ô_ÔąStedryŁÔ_Ô,€òòąApplŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁÔ_Ô.óó€ò ò37ó ó,Đ ąò Đ287-292€(1983).€ÌÓ­1Ó30.€Ô‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀC.€R.€ąPollockŁ,€F.€R.€ąPetersenŁ,€D.€A.€Jennings,€J.€S.€Wells,€and€A.€G.€ąMakiŁ,Ô#† Š/śŠŠŠH2ż2#ԀòòJ.€ąMolŁ.Đ ˆ Ű ĐąSpectroscŁóó.€ò ò99ó ó,€357„368€(1983).€Đ | Ì ĐÒtƒÒÓ  Ó31.€€N.€Pique€and€G.€Ô_ÔGuelachviliÔ_Ô,€Ô‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH24#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔòòJ.€ąMolŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁÔ_Ô.€óóÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2S4#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔò ò185ó ó,€244„248€(1997)Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2Ò4#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ.Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2-5#ÔĐ pÀ  Đ(ądoiŁ:10.1006/ąjmspŁ.1997.7396)€ÌÓÂ3ÓÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔÓ  Ó32.€€L.€€R.€€Brown€and€C.€ąPlymateŁ,òò€€J.€ąQuantŁ.€ąSpectroscŁ.€Rad.€Transferóó€ò ò56ó ó,€263„282Đ VŠ  Đ(1996).Ô#† Š/śŠŠŠH2·5#ÔĐ Jš Đ33.€€P.€L.€Ô_ÔąPonsardinŁÔ_Ԁand€E.€V.€ąBrowellŁ,€òòJ.€ąMolŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁÔ_Ô.óó€ò ò185ó ó,€58-70€(1997).Đ <Œ Đ(ądoiŁ:10.1006/ąjmspŁ.1997.7354)€Ì34.€D.€W.€ąSchwenkeŁòò,€J.€Phys.€Chem.€Aóó.€ò ò105ó ó,€2352„2360€(2001).Đ "r Đ35.€R.€R.€ąGamacheŁ€and€J.€ąFischerŁ,€òòJ.€ąMolŁ.€Ô_ÔąSpectroscŁÔ_Ô.óó€ò ò207ó ó,€256-262€(2001).Đ f Đ(ądoiŁ:10.1006/ąjmspŁ.2001.8341)€Ì36.€P.€F.€ąCoheurŁ,€S.€ąFallyŁ,€M.€ąCarleerŁ,€C.€ąClerbauxŁ,€R.€ąColinŁ,€A.€ąJenovrierŁ,€M.€€€F.ÏąMerienneŁ,€C.€ąHermansŁ,€and€A.€C.€ąVandaeleŁ,€òòÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔJ.€ąQuantŁ.€ąSpectroscŁ.€Rad.€TransferóóÔ#† Š/śŠŠŠH29#ÔĐ î!> Đ(submitted).Ì37.€M.€ąCarleerŁ€(private€communication).Đ  Ô%$!" ĐÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔò òTablesó óĐ ° ĐÒ’tÒÒ°’Ҁ€1.€€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂä9#ÔÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀLaboratory€intensities€of€water€at€0.94€đđmÔ#† Š/śŠŠŠH2i:#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀaÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂÙ:#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔt€reported€at€high€resolutionÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ;#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ ąò Ѐ€2.€€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ|;#ÔÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀMeasurements€of€air„€and€nitrogen„broadening€coefficients€of€water€at€0.94€đđmÔ#† Š/śŠŠŠH2Ù;#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ ˜è Ѐ€3.€€€Experimental€conditions̀€4.€€€Individual€retrieved€Hòò2óóO€positions€and€intensities€at€296€KĐ € Đ Ѐ€5.€€€Sample€measurements€of€air„broadening€coefficients̀€6.€€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂl<#ÔÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀComparison€of€measured€line€intensities€for€water€at€0.94€đđmÔ#† Š/śŠŠŠH2=#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ dŽ  Ѐ€7Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ>#ÔÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔ.€€€Comparison€of€€experimental€air-broadened€Ô#† Š/śŠŠŠH2[>#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔąHòò2óóòò16óóOŁÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂË>#ÔÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀÔ#† Š/śŠŠŠH2 ?#ÔÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔwidthsÔ#† Š/śŠŠŠH2c?#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ ZȘ  ĐÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ«?#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀ€8.€€€Experimental€details€of€present€study€and€ąSchermaulŁ€et€al.€for€Hòò2óóOÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2@#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀat€0.94€đđm€Ô#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2•@#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ P  ĐÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂæ@#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀ€9.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ=A#ÔÔ‡ŠĐ ŠŠ Š/śԀÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠЃA#ÔÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀComparison€of€two€new€water€databases€from€9650€to€11400€cmòò-1óóÔ#† Š/śŠŠŠH2ÆA#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ B’ ĐÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂLB#ÔÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀ10.€€Ô#† Š/śŠŠŠH2ŁB#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔSelected€line€parameters€for€€ąHòò2óóòò18óóOŁ€€from€different€databasesÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2ëB#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ 8ˆ Đà  àà ` àÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂxC#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔÌÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂçC#Ôò òÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔAPPENDICESĐ l Đó óÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2-D#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śԀ€I.€€€MeasuredÔ_Ԁair„broadened€coefficients€of€water€at€0.94€đđÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2‘D#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔmĐ ^ Ѐ€II.€€Sample€of€observed€positions€and€intensities€of€water€at€0.94€đđÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2#E#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔmÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2ÄE#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ  P ĐÒ’°2:ÒÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2F#ÔÌĐ  ä#4  Đò òÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔFigure€captionsó óĐ ° Đà ê à1.€Laboratory€spectrum€of€water€between€9500€and€11500€cmòò„1óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÉF#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀrecorded€at€0.02€cmòò„Đ ąò Đ1óó€resolution€with€the€FTS€at€the€National€Solar€Observatory€located€on€Kitt€PeakĐ ”ä ĐMountain.€The€pressure€is€5€Torr€of€water€at€296.3€K€mixed€with€585€Torr€of€ambient€airÏin€a€stainless€steel,€multi„pass€cell€with€an€optical€path€of€97€m.€The€features€near€9600Ïand€9900€cmòò„1óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ?G#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀarise€from€6€Torr€of€CÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂÜH#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔòò2óóÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH25I#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔHÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ~I#ÔÔ‡ ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔòò2óóÔ#† Š/śŠŠ ŠH2ÁI#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀin€a€second€cell€with€a€€2.4€m€optical€path.Đ jș  ĐÒt’Òà Ì àą2aŁ.€Retrieval€of€positions€and€intensities€using€non„least€least€squares€curve„fittingÏfrom€10585€to€10595€cmòò„1óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ J#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂK#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀThe€lower€panel€shows€the€observed€and€synthetic€spectraĐ Nž  Đoverlaid,€and€the€upper€panel€plots€the€differences€between€the€two€spectra€in€percent.€TheÏoptical€path€is€2.4€m,€and€the€pressure€is€7.15€Torr€of€normal€sample€water€at€296.3€K.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂbK#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀ€Đ 2‚ ĐÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ„L#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔą2bŁ.€Retrieval€of€air„broadening€coefficients€using€non„least€least€squares€curve„fitting€fromĐ $t Đ10686€to€10691€cmòò„1óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂțL#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂÍM#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀThe€lower€panel€shows€the€observed€and€synthetic€spectra€overlaid,Đ f Đand€the€upper€panel€plots€the€differences€between€the€two€spectra€in€percent.€The€opticalÏpath€is€49€m,€and€the€pressure€is€4.45€Torr€of€normal€sample€water€with€440.0€Torr€of€air€Ïat€295.3€K.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂN#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀ€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂjO#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ ì< ĐÒetÒà œ à3.€Measured€air„broadened€widths€of€water€at€0.94€đđmÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂźO#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀvs€km€+€0.06€ąjmŁ.€The€widthsĐ Ț!. Đare€in€units€of€cmòò„1óó€atmòò„1óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂVP#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.€The€variables€km€and€ąjmŁ€are€defined€to€be€the€upper€state€K€andĐ Đ#   ĐJ€for€ąđđKŁ€and€ąđđJŁ€=€1€and€lower€state€K€and€J€for€ąđđKŁ€and€ąđđJŁ€=€0€and€„1.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂńP#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀThe€plotĐ Â%!" Đsymbols€indicate€the€vibrational€upper€state:€a€(201);€b€(121);€c€(003);€d€(300);€e€(102);€fÏ(220)€and€g€(022)Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂäQ#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.€Đ Š)ö$& ĐÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂČR#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔà œ à4.€€Measured€air„broadenedÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ S#ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔŰ€ۀpressure„induced€shift€coefficients€of€water€at€0.94€đđmÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÓS#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ ˜+è&( Đvs€k€m.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ,T#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀThe€shifts€are€in€units€of€cmòò„1óó€atmòò„1óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÊT#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂțT#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀThe€variables€km€and€ąjmŁ€are€defined€to€beĐ ° Đthe€upper€state€K€and€J€for€ąđđKŁ€and€ąđđJŁ€=€1€and€lower€state€K€and€J€for€ąđđKŁ€and€ąđđJŁ€=€0Đ ąò Đand€„1.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂAU#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀThe€plot€symbols€indicate€the€vibrational€upper€state€a€(201);€b€(121);€c€(003);€dĐ ”ä Đ(300);€e€(102);€f€(220)€and€g€(022)Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂGV#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂW#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ † Ö ĐÒƒeÒà Û à5.€€Selected€air„broadened€widths€of€waterÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂXW#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀvs€ąjmŁ€for€the€three€parallel€bands€and€kmĐ x È Đ(=€ąKaŁ)€=€0.€The€widths€are€in€units€of€cmòò„1óó€atmòò„1óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂóW#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ”X#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀThe€plot€symbols€indicateÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂùX#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀtheĐ jș  Đvibrational€upper€state:Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂUY#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀa€(201);€b€(121);€c€(003)Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂÈY#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.€€P€branch€transitions€are€underlined.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ$Z#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀTheĐ \Ź  Đwidths€of€the€same€ąjmŁ€(such€as€€P€(2,0)€and€R€(1,0))€are€similar,€€and€the€widths€decreaseÏwith€increasing€ąjmŁ.€Widths€involving€the€(121)€state€tend€to€be€slightly€smaller.€ÌÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÍZ#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔà Û à6.€€Selected€air„broadened€shift€coefficients€of€waterÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÚ[#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀvs€ąjmŁ€for€the€three€parallelĐ 2‚ Đbands€and€km€(=€ąKaŁ)€=€0.€€The€shifts€are€in€units€of€cmòò„1óó€atmòò„1óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ\#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂá\#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔThe€plot€symbols€indicateÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ%]#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ $t Đthe€vibrational€upper€state:Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÀ]#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀa€(201);€b€(121);€c€(003)Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂó]#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.€P€branch€transitions€are€underlined.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂO^#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ·^#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ f ĐThe€shifts€become€more€negative€with€increasing€ąjmŁ.€€The€shifts€of€the€same€ąjmŁ€(such€as€ÏP€(2)€and€R€(1)€are€not€the€same€and€the€shifts€of€the€R€branch€lines€are€less€negative€thanÏtheir€corresponding€P€branch€lines,€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂú^#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔFor€the€(121)€state,€the€R€branch€shifts€are€generallyĐ ì< Đless€negative€than€the€R€branch€transitions€of€(201)€and€(003),€but€the€shifts€for€the€PÏbranch€transitions€of€the€three€bands€are€similar.€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ/`#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ Đ#   Đà Û àą7aŁ.€Selected€air„broadened€widths€of€waterÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂHa#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀvs€ąjmŁ€for€P€and€R€branch€transitions€ofĐ Â%!" Đeight€parallel€bands€for€which€km€(=€ąKaŁ)€=€1€and€the€ąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€0.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂŚa#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀThe€widths€are€inĐ Ž'#$ Đunits€of€cmòò„1óó€atmòò„1óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÝb#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ%c#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔThe€plot€symbols€indicateÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂic#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀthe€vibrational€upper€state:Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂÄc#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀ1€(001);€2€(011);Đ Š)ö$& ĐÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ#d#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ3€(201);Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÌd#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀ4€(121);€5€(003);€6€(211);Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂÖd#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀ7€(221);Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ3e#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀ8€(301)Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ~e#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂÈe#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀThere€is€a€small€vibrationalĐ ˜+è&( Đdependence€at€higher€ąjmŁ,€and€these€widths€are€systematically€higher€than€the€correspondingÏvalues€in€Fig.€ą7bŁ€for€which€ąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ f#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ1.Đ ąò Đà Û àą7bŁ.€Measured€air„broadened€widths€of€waterÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂg#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀvs€ąjmŁ€for€P€and€R€branch€transitionsĐ ”ä Đof€eight€parallel€bands€for€which€km€(=€ąKaŁ)€=€1€and€the€ąKaŁ+Kc„J€=€1.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠń×g#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀThe€plot€symbolsĐ † Ö ĐindicateÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ]h#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀthe€vibrational€upper€state:Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂÍh#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀ1€(001);€2€(011);€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ,i#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ3€(201);Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÁi#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀ4€(121);€5€(003);€6€(211);Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂËi#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ x È Đ7€(221);Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂ(j#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀ8€(301)ąŁÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńÇj#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂÓj#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀThese€widths€are€systematically€lower€than€the€corresponding€values€inĐ jș  ĐFig.€ą7aŁ€for€which€ąKaŁ€+€Kc€„€J€=€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂk#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ0.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂŰk#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀThere€is€also€a€small€vibrational€dependence€at€higherĐ \Ź  ĐąjmŁÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂl#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.Đ Nž  ĐÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂźl#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔà Û à8.€€Observed€and€synthetic€spectra€of€water€from€10500€to€10540€cmòò„1€óóÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂm#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔ.€TheĐ @ Đobserved€spectrum€in€each€panel€was€recorded€at€0.02€cmòò„1óó€resolution€with€the€FTS€locatedĐ 2‚ Đat€Kitt€Peak.€The€optical€path€is€25€m,€and€the€pressure€is€10.1€Torr€at€296€K.Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńßm#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śԀDifferentĐ $t Đdatabases€are€used€for€the€computed€spectra:€a:€1996€HITRAN€database€(10)€as€correctedÏby€Giver€et€al.€(13);€b:€ąSchermaulŁ€et€al.€(8);€c:€present€study.€Ô#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂŸn#ÔÔ‡ŠńĂ ŠŠ Š/śÔĐ X ĐÒ’ƒÒÔ#† Š/śŠ ŠŠńĂčo#ÔÔ‡ŠH2ŠŠ Š/śÔò òSpecial€charactersĐ úJ Đó óđ'đ€à0 ê àfootnoteĐì<ê(#ê(# Đđ(đ€à0 ê àfootnoteĐȚ!.ê(#ê(# ĐąđđŁ€à0 ê àsmall€Greek€muĐĐ#  ê(#ê(# Đąđ đŁ€à0 ê àsmall€Greek€deltaĐÂ%!"ê(#ê(# ĐąđđŁ€à0 ê àsmall€Greek€gammaĐŽ'#$ê(#ê(# ĐąđđŁ€à0 ê àLarge€Greek€deltaĐŠ)ö$&ê(#ê(# ĐąđđŁ€à0 ê àsmall€Greek€œnuÔ#† Š/śŠŠŠH2p#ԛ