Four CULTURAL STREAMS
~~ colony
and empire, 16th to 19th centuries ~~
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Sessions » 10.
Early Colony, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
» 11.
Late Colony and High Baroque, Eighteenth Century
» 12. Seat
of Portuguese Monarchy, 1808-1821; First Empire, 1822-1831; and Regency,
1831-1840
» 13. Second
Empire, 1840-1889
10. Early Colony, Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries
Focus: Baroque art and culture (1500s to early 1800s) had a
profound influence on Brazil in terms of religion, architecture, sculpture,
painting, and music. The motivation for Baroque art was part of the
driving mission of the Jesuits of the Counter-Reformation to solidify support
for Catholicism through total emotional commitment. To
this day the national religious patroness of Brazil, Nossa Senhora da Aparecida,
is represented as a figurine in rich Baroque dress. Lying within
the Portuguese cultural development of Brazil throbbed an echoing under-rhythm
of African culture. The interlocked founding and enduring hierarchies of
Brazil were based on: land=latifundia, labor=slavery, religion-culture=Baroque, family=paterfamilias-patriarchy,
society=clientela-compadresco. Family relations were the paradigm for an
individual's place and stability in society so that an elaborate system of
"fictive" kin developed, primarily through the godparent bonds from baptism and
marriage. This system reinforced patriarchal authority and the structure
of patron-client relations, yet it could also somewhat assuage imbalances in the
roles for slaves, minors, women, and tenants or smallholders.
Portugal
confronted European competition for eastern South America from France, Spain,
and the Netherlands. Spain absorbed Portugal from 1580
to 1640, when the Portuguese royal dynasty (Aviz) died out and Philip II of
Spain claimed the Portuguese throne. The Dutch, a bitter European enemy
seeking independence from Spain, occupied the Northeast of Brazil during
the early 1600s. Ultimately the Portuguese were able to drive the French,
Dutch, and English to west of the mouth of the Amazon River along the coast
of the Guyana Highlands. Portugal re-solidified its hold on Brazil when
the Bragança dynasty gained control of the
Portuguese crown in 1640, restoring independence from Spain. The
renewed association of Portugal and Brazil received dynastic expression when, as
of 1645, the heir apparent or crown prince of the Portuguese throne bore
thereafter the title of "Prince of Brazil." The first bearer of this title
was Dom Teodósio (1634-1653), the ninth Duke of
Bragança and the eldest son of King João IV, the founding monarch of the
Bragança dynasty. Dom João considered Brazil the economic sustenance of
his realm, describing it as a "milking cow" ("vaca de leite"). The
restoration of Portuguese control of Brazil heightened differences in Brazil's
development as a colony from practices of Spain in Spanish America. Not
only was Brazil represented within the Portuguese dynastic succession, but
Brazil influenced governance of the Portuguese African colonies, the source of
its labor supply. After the discovery of gold in Brazil in the 1690s,
Brazil came to be of more economic importance in the Portuguese empire than
Portugal itself. In mid-seventeenth century Salvador Correia de Sá Benevides governed both in Rio de Janeiro and
then in Luanda, capital of Angola. The commemorations he ordered in 1641
to celebrate the restoration of the Portuguese throne under Dom João IV became the precedent for "carnaval" in
Rio. (Note: The current Duke of
Bragança [the 24th], » Dom
Duarte Pio [1945- ], is the pretendant to the Portuguese throne; his
mother was Maria Francisca de Orleans e Bragança, a princess in the
pretendant dynasty to the Brazilian
throne.)
There is a sense in which
the history of Brazil from 1645 to 1889 may be understood as the period of the
"Principate of Brazil." The Bragança dynasty
developed as the cohesive core of the patriarchal slavocracy that comprised half
of Brazilian history. Much of that history is essentially a narrative of
how Brazil, at first exclusively the property of the Portuguese king, came to be
distributed and recognized as the property of others (barons) allied with and
supported by the monarchy, whether that was the founding Bragança dynasty of
1640 or the cadet branch of the family that asserted itself in Brazil (as
Brazil) after 1822. The economic and political forces that undermined the
Empire (last phase of the "principate") would dissolve by 1889 the centuries-old
hold of the Braganças on Brazil. One may, from such a perspective, say
that Brazil evolved in three periods. The first, from 1500 to 1640, was
one of a disputed and then a lost colony. The second, from 1640 to 1889,
was the Bragança patriarchal principate in which major segments of the land and
people were the property of a minority. Since then Brazil has been a
nation engaged in overcoming the limitations of this heritage (not only
pre-liberal but non-liberal). It has developed as an effort for economic,
political, and social participation through wage labor that navigates market
dynamics of consumption and production determined by increasingly negotiated
representational constitutional
norms.
This seal (from about 1520, now in the Vatican Archives)
is that of Charles V, of the Hapsburg dynasty and Holy Roman Emperor
(1519-1558). He was king of Spain (1516-1556) as Charles I. During
his long reign the New World came under his surviving remnant of the Roman
empire and was firmly contained within the Roman Catholic religion against the
advances of the Protestant Reformation. It was this emperor's son, Philip
II, who became king of both Spain and Portugal. The Inquisition, a
tribunal that judged cases of heresy, visited Brazil on three occasions,
operating as an extension of the office in Lisbon.
Further Reading: For
this and all following sections are from the history section of the
textbook, » Brazil:
A Country Study,
Online: Library of Congress Research Division,
1997
Transparencies: Colonial fazendas
Video:
Section from Quilombo on slave rebellion and flight to
Palmares
Internet: » Sugar Cane Cultivation
and Production 1 2 3 (click
thumbnail or number to enlarge image)
» Slave
Shipping with Images of Brazilian
Slavery » Images
Cape Coast Castle in Ghana (Gold Coast), holding pen for slaves shipped to
the Americas » Profile of Slavery in Western
Hemisphere » Colonial
Governors-General and Viceroys of Brazil, 1549-1822 » Successive Portuguese Royal
Legal Codes, the Ordenações Afonsinas, Filipinas, and Manuelinas
1 2, governing Brazil
and Portuguese empire » Philip
II, king of Spain and in Portugal after 1580 as Philip I » Family Seat of the House of
Bragança » Portuguese
Fortresses in Brazil (click "forte" or "fortaleza" on map to view
images) » Salvador Correia de
Sá Benevides in
Luanda (1648-1651) » Historical Cities of
Brazil, illustrating fazendas, slave quarters (senzalas), and
churches » Salvador da
Bahia de Todos os Santos, first capital of Brazil » Evolution of Quinta da Boa
Vista, a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, from a remote Indian settlement in
the sixteenth century, to a distant Jesuit mission and plantation in the
following two centuries, to a new suburb in the nineteenth, and to a colorful
but aged part of the inner city in the twentieth » Casebres,
common housing of poor from colonial period to present, made customarily of mud
and sticks ( » Wattle and Daub) with a
thatched roof » Beginnings
of Local (Town) Government » History of
Brazilian Population, 1550 to 2000, (first decennial census in Brazil
was 1872) Internal dispersions:
» Quilombo
republics of fugitive slaves and a Capitão do Mato,
hunter of fugitive slaves » Bandeirantes
(paulista frontiersmen bands) following Maps of Entrada
(Trekking) Routes: 1 2 3 4 with the Anthem of the Bandeirantes and
Bandeirante Ranch
Houses 1 2
(renovation)
» Layout of a Catholic Church,
with Vestments and Ritual Utensils used by priests, and a Traditional
Church Floor Plan » Jesuits
in Brazil: Father Manoel de
Nobrega and Father José de Anchieta » Jesuit Missions
(aldeias/reducciones) among Guarani in Brazil and Argentina and in
Paraguay
» Jesuit Colonial
Education (six years, primary; three years, secondary) and the Tradition of Jesuit
Education » Jesuit Secondary Schools in
Contemporary Brazil (with web links) » Jesuit
Theater » Image of N. S. da
Aparecida » Inquisition in
Brazil » Gregório de Mattos
and early Brazilian satire » Dutch in Brazil
1 2
» Views of
Colonial Brazil by Dutch Painters: 1 2
(paintings at end of document) and the Historia Naturalis
Brasiliae (1648), Dutch publication on the flora and fauna of
Brazil » French in
Brazil and Friar André Thévet,
early French chronicler of "France Antarctique," sixteenth-century French colony
at present-day Rio de Janeiro » Francisco de Orellana, a
conquistador of the Incas, was first European to explore (1541-1542) course of
river (by Treaty of Tordesillas, Amazon River lay in Spanish American
territory) » Chronicle of voyage by
Friar Gaspar de
Carvajal
11. Late Colony and High Baroque,
Eighteenth Century
Focus: The eighteenth century definitively
consolidated the hold of Portugal on the eastern half of South America from the
basin of the Amazon to the eastern (or left) bank of the Paraná-Plata complex. Brazil produced more gold during
the century than any other region of the world. The discovery of
such unprecedented wealth not only of gold but also diamonds attracted a wave of
settlers into the trans-sierra interior and along
the Atlantic coast. The accelerated pace of commerce in the colony
resulted in a transportation (and communication) system of mule teams and
muleteer traders, known as tropeiros. They moved foodstuffs and dry goods
through a corridor of territory centered in São Paulo, taking provisions from
Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul to the mining towns of Minas and even settlements
in the Northeast. The population of Brazil grew from a few hundred
thousand in 1700 to several million by 1800, a ten-fold increase. The
increase was so great that by mid-century it forced replacement of the Treaty of
Tordesillas with the Treaty of Madrid (1750). Portuguese territory
in South America would henceforth be determined by the the principal of "uti
possidetis," that is, the nationality effectively using or occupying a territory
owned it. The economic, political, and cultural centers of Brazil
shifted from the Northeast to the Southeast, Rio de Janeiro becoming the
capital. Brazil and Lusophone West
Africa became an interdependent socio-economic entity of the South
Atlantic. This development of the Atlantic rim as the perimeter of the
Portuguese empire could somewhat recall the Aegean rim of the classical Greek
empire or resemble the trade communities of the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean
rims. The Portuguese empire became
"Brazilianised." The South American colony was the main focus of wealth
and trade. Moreover, Brazilians, especially those who graduated from the
University of Coimbra in Portugal, became government administrators in Lisbon
and the colonies, particularly Africa. Brazil and Portuguese Africa had
numerous aspects in common from the appointment of government officials to
street marketing practices. The bishop of Luanda, Angola was subject to
the archbishop of Salvador, Bahia.
Mineral
wealth not only consolidated the Baroque character of Brazilian culture but
supported such an enlargement and refinement of the arts that it produced a High
Baroque period. Ouro Preto, the capital of the gold-mining province of
Minas Gerais, and numerous other cities and towns of the region became jewels of
artistic accomplishments in architecture, sculpture, painting, and music.
The wealth of Minas nurtured an exceptional generation of artists and
craftsmen.
Despite myriad changes,
however, the fundamental patterns of labor (slavery) and wealth-holding (very
small elite) did not change. The pattern of "change/no-change" in
Brazilian history manifested its first major cycle. Diminished gold
returns from Brazil in the latter half of the century and continued demands from
Portugal to maintain levels of wealth exported to it resulted in reforms and
rebellion. The Portuguese principal royal minister, the Marquês de Pombal,
attempted to maintain Portuguese wealth by rationalizing the administration of
the realm. He consolidated state trading companies in Brazil,
particularly control of African slavery; suppressed the Jesuit religious
congregation; emancipated Indians encouraging their intermarriage with the
European population; transferred (1763) the capital from Salvador to Rio de
Janeiro, to place the viceregal government closer to the gold mines in the
central part of the colony; and reformed the judicial system and organization of
local government units. Portugal's efforts to make Brazil more productive
and secure for Portugal increased demands on the colony's wealth, yet its
precious mineral resources were depleting. The demands underlying the
reforms ultimately provoked a failed independence movement in Minas Gerais in
1789, the Inconfidênica Mineira.
The
southern Atlantic was many things to many peoples and nations, but to the
Portuguese dynasty over the course of the Brazilian principate it was a
“Bragança Sea.” (The southern Atlantic, like the Mediterranean, has
been a “mare nostrum” in many varying ways.) On the Bragança Sea the
fortunes of the dynasty waxed and waned with tides of sugar, slaves, gold, and
diamonds. As the waves subsided, the dynasty would dissolve: in
Brazil in 1889, and in Portugal in
1910.
Gold was shipped in bars from Brazil to
Portugal.
Photographs: Examples from art books of Baroque
churches, statues, and paintings, especially in Minas Gerais and Ouro
Preto
Transparencies: Items similar to previous and sculptures of
Aleijadinho
Recordings: Compositions by Father José
Maurício
Videos: Emancipation section from the film
Xica
Realia: Model of a
Brazilian village street; plates and drinking cups of colonial pewter
Further
Reading: | » An
Account of the European Settlements in the Americas (William Burke), London,
1760 (online facsimile of the third edition), part four deals with Portuguese
America | » Mission Culture On the Upper
Amazon : Native Tradition, Jesuit Enterprise & Secular Policy in Moxos,
1660-1880 (David Block), University of Nebraska Press, 1994
| » A New and Accurate History of
South-America (Richard Rolt) London, 1756 (online facsimile edition), chapter
one of part three describes Brazil, giving an approximation of its
boundaries, with map | » A
Voyage Round the World in the Year MDCCXL, I, II, III, IV (Baron George
Anson), Dublin, 1748 (online facsimile of seventh edition with charts and
illustrations), chapters four through six describe southern
Brazil
Internet: » Historic
Cities of Minas Gerais and Ouro Preto:
1 2 » Diamantina
(also Arraial do Tijuco), Diamond District of Minas 1 2
» Historic Center
of Paraty, colonial seaport in state of Rio de Janeiro
for Export of Gold over
Original Indian
Foothpaths » Labor from the
African Diaspora 1 2 and
Types
of Slave Labor » Slave
Entrepreneurship » Images
of Colonial Rural Life and Buildings
» Furniture and Furnishings (click
"Union Jack" flag for site in English) » Elite
Fashion from European models » Tropeiro Routes and
Images 1 2 3 4
» Colonial
Postal Deliveries were during the colonial period a royally contracted
service conferred on a "Correio-Mor,"
("Courier Major" as in Capitão-Mor=Captain Major)
and the development of Postal
Delivery in Eighteenth-Century Minas » Whaling and
the Lighting of colonial streets » Marquês
de Pombal, absolutist Portuguese
reformer » Inconfidência
Mineira, independence uprising, 1789, with Album
of Images of Tiradentes, uprising leader » Projection
and Integration of Brazil in Portuguese empire » University and
Town of Coimbra, Portugal » Commonalities
between Brazil and
Angola
» Brazilian
Baroque Art and the sculpture of Antônio Francisco Lisboa, "O
Aleijadinho" (The Little Cripple) »
Mestre
Valentim, architect for Rio de Janeiro as
New Colonial Capital after 1763 with Design of the Passeio
Público and
the Development of
Brazilian Landscaping in nineteenth and twentieth
centuries » Baroque Composers
and Musical Selections and Music of Father José Maurício » Amalgam of Lundu (slave
dance) and Modinha
(Portuguese folk songs), basis for evolution in late nineteenth century of
samba » Recordings of
Modinhas » Theater
of Ouro Preto (Casa da Ópera de Vila Rica, later the Teatro
Municipal de Ouro Preto) showing the Stage
with Audience
Seating and the Building,
the oldest in South America » Tomás
Antônio Gonzaga and Arcadismo, a
mineiro school of bucolic poetry » Poem, "Marília de Dirceu," and the House
of Marília
» Hypothetical
history: Imaginary Map
of Brazil(s) without the Discovery of Gold
12. Seat of Portuguese Monarchy,
1808-1821; First Empire, 1822-1831 (Constitution of
1824); and Regency, 1831-1840
Focus: The nineteenth century
confirmed the exceptionality of Portuguese America in relation to Latin
America. Brazil preserved European forms of government as a kingdom and
empire. Its independence followed a sequence of events that comprised
political, legal, and nativist stages that developed over a period from 1808 to
1831. The politico-administrative sovereignty of Brazil as the seat
of the Portuguese monarchy after 1808 became legal independence in 1822.
Brazil was a rare historical anomaly insofar as it legally exercised
sovereignty more than a decade before it was legally recognized as
sovereign. This condition, among several other factors, considerably
moderated the degree of violence accompanying Brazilian independence.
Rather than a war of independence Brazil witnessed in 1822 an event more akin to
a dynastic putsch. Effective control of the country by native-born elites,
as opposed to Portuguese-born ones, emerged during the Regency from 1831 to
1840. Intra-elite regional tensions and warfare surged during the period
due to a weakened central government. This weakness strengthened local
government but provoked national destabilization. The national elite
(imperial) re-asserted stable central government with the enthronement of a
second emperor. The founding at the beginning of the century of the Law
School of Olinda (later Recife) and toward the end of the century of the Law
School of São Paulo represented crucial
developments in the formation of secular regional and national
elites.
Portuguese influence
declined replaced on the one hand by French social, cultural, intellectual, and
artistic directions and on the other by British commercial, trade, and financial
practices. In 1816 a French Artistic Mission officially visited Brazil,
decisively influencing its transition from the intense religiosity of the
Baroque to a secularizing neo-classicism. Of singular aesthetic and
historical visual value were the paintings and drawings of Jean-Baptiste Debret,
a leading member of the Mission. From the late eighteenth century onward
major scientific expeditions were mounted to discover and classify the abundant
natural phenomena of the interior of Brazil. The expeditions consisted of
European specialists or enthusiasts in what was then termed "natural
philosophy." Among them was Charles Darwin, who briefly touched in Brazil
on his ship, the HMS Beagle, during
1832.
The exercise of central
authority oscillated during the independence process as Pedro I wrested power
from Portugal in 1822. Brazil declared itself an empire because it
considered that, together with independence, the Portuguese colonies of western
Africa should be ceded to it. These colonies were socio-economically more
integrated with Brazil than Portugal. Retaliating against attempts by the
Brazilian national assembly to obtain amplified lawmaking authority, Pedro I
decreed a constitution in 1824, concentrating a major portion of government
power in himself. He was compromised by his dynastic forays in Portugal
during 1826 when he briefly succeeded to the throne of that country as Pedro IV,
then installed his daughter (Maria II da Glóra)
as queen, and blocked his brother from becoming king. His reign in
Brazil approached its finale when in 1828 he had to surrender Uruguay as a
province of Brazil. Culminating scandals due to extra-marital affairs
forced him to abdicate in 1831. He left the country and his five-year old
son, Pedro, under a Regency government until his heir reached the age of
majority.
The Regency witnessed a decade of fractured national
authority, with a decentralized government somewhat resembling a republican
federation. To secure authority in the interior of the country, a National
Guard was established with the military authority of "coronel" granted to major
landowners. The system of coronelismo bestowed armed authority on rural
patriarchy. To quell increasing and sustained regional uprisings, the
Regency accelerated the declaration of the heir's majority to 1840, and he was
crowned emperor as Pedro II . From 1840 to 1853 Brazil and Portugal were
still associated by dynastic family ties since Pedro II was monarch of the
former and his sister, Maria II, of the latter. She died in
1853.
Transparencies: Drawings, paintings, and photographs of scenes of
Brazilian life during late colony: Rural and urban, patriarchal society,
slavery, street markets, port activity
Paintings and Drawings:
Art books representing the work of the French cultural mission to Brazil in the
early nineteenth century, emphasis on works of Jean-Baptiste Debret;
neo-classicism, the secularization of the Baroque
Illustrations: Folio
of facsimile drawings from the Rodrigues Ferreira expedition in the
Amazon.
Internet: » Texts
of Decrees of 1808 transferring royal and national institutions from
Portugal to Brazil » Gazeta do Rio de
Janeiro, 1808, first newspaper published in Brazil » Digitized,
full-text retrieval of Reports and
Documents of Provincial Presidents (Governors) and Imperial Ministries
(1821-1889) » Earliest
Newspapers 1 2 3
» Emperor
Dom Pedro I and Letter regarding the
Fico (declaration to remain in Brazil) with The Cry of
Ipiranga and Recording of
Original Composition of National Anthem by Dom Pedro I
» List, Biographies, and
Images of the Monarchs of Brazil
» Gallery of Brazilian
Monarchs » Paço Imperial
(Imperial Palace), seat of government in Rio de Janeiro from 1743 to 1889 of the
Colony, Kingdom, and Empire of Brazil » Admiral
Thomas Cochrane » Coronelismo
» Founding of Law School
of Olinda (later Recife)
and Law School of São Paulo
» French Artistic
Mission: Drawings and Paintings of
Jean-Baptiste Debret: 1 2 (paintings at
end of document) 3
and Nicolas-Antoine
Taunay 1 2
3
and Félix-Émile Taunay (son of Nicolas) and Aimé-Adrien Taunay (son of Nicolas) and Auguste-Marie
Taunay (brother of Nicolas) » Architecture of
Auguste-Henri-Victor Grandjean
de Montigny 1 2 » Explorations of the
Naturalist Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira (1783-1792) » The Baron Georg Heinrich
von Langsdorf
Expedition (1825-1829) through Amazon, with the Drawings
of Johan Moritz Rugendas and the Influence
of Johan Elias Riedinger 1 2 3
(also Ridinger) on eighteenth century naturalist drawing
» Carl von
Martius 1 2
3 and Johann
von Spix 1 2
accompanying 1817 the Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria (Hapsburg) to wed
future Dom Pedro I » Charles Darwin
and HMS Beagle in
Brazil (1832)
13. Second Empire,
1840-1889
Focus: Over the course of the nineteenth century the
cultivation of coffee initially in the state of Rio de Janeiro (valley of the
Paraíba do Sul River) and then
overwhelmingly in São Paulo came to dominate
the export economy of the country. The coffee barons of São Paulo progressively concentrated both exceptional
economic and political power. Profits from the export of coffee were very
high; but its cultivation confronted a number of risks in terms of soil
exhaustion, long term capital investment, fluctuating global markets, and
unstable sources of labor.
The movement
to abolish slavery steadily grew from 1850 onward, with the institution ending
in stages from that year until 1888. A victorious War with
Paraguay, from 1864 to 1870, nevertheless revealed devastating weaknesses in the
structure of Brazilian society. These prompted reforms in the Army
emphasizing technology and republican government as essential to modernize and
strengthen the country. An influential segment of the military followed
the tenets of the French philosophy of Positivism, which emphasized management
of society through technical expertise. São
Paulo became a magnet attracting free immigrant labor from southern Europe,
"re-Latinizing" the country. The immigrant population was the nucleus for
the growth of wage labor, the most profound factor henceforth influencing the
economic, social, and political future of the country. By 1889
convergence of military elites, coffee barons, and abolitionists in favor
a republican form of government brought about the collapse of the Empire.
Military officers, headed by Field Marshal Deodora da Fonseca, overthrew the
emperor and established on 15 November 1889 a republican government. This
was designated the "United States of Brazil" and was constituted as of 1891 with
a four-year presidency and a bi-cameral Congress based on tightly limited
suffrage.
The Regency witnessed
the emergence of native-born Brazilians to the administration of the
country. During the succeeding Second Empire, in cultural matters, native
Brazilian themes increasingly emerged. French neo-classicism and
beaux-arts continued as dominant influences. Nevertheless, in painting,
literature, and music, native Brazilian themes, particularly related to history,
indigenous legends, and folk songs, steadily developed. European
scientists continued, as from the late eighteenth century, to mount major
expeditions through the country.
Further Readings: | » The Confederados : Old South
Immigrants in Brazil (Cyrus B. Dawsey), University of Alabama Press, 1995; |
» Entrepreneurship in
Nineteenth-century Brazil: The Formation of a Business Environment
(Sérgio de Oliveira Birchal), Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan, 1999; | » The Female Face in
Patriarchy : Oppression As Culture (Frances B O'Connor and Becky S Drury),
Michigan State University Press, 1999; | »
Power, Patronage,
and Political Violence : State Building On a Brazilian Frontier, 1822-1889
(Judy Bieber) University of Nebraska, 1999
Transparences: Earliest
photographs: Street life (Marc Ferrez) and
Court life
Realia: Photocopies of letters of Dom
Pedro II, written in exile
Recording: The overture to the opera, O Guarani, by the first
internationally known Brazilian music
composer, Carlos Gomes. (Opera premiered at La Scala,
Milan)
Internet: » Coffee
Cultivation 1 2 »
Fazendas
(click on thumbnail images at base of site to enlarge pictures) and Vassouras
(click thumbnails), an early town and coffee plantation region in the Paraíba
do Sul River valley (click thumbnails) » History
of Vassouras from 1850 to 1900, by Stanley Stein » Sobrado
houses and buildings, old style colonial and nineteenth century constructions of
more than one floor (from "sobrar," meaning "to be more than enough"), often
with decorated balconies along second floor fronting street » São Paulo as Nineteenth Century "Town" with Map and Jardim da Luz 1 2, the first
(1825) public park, and construction of Railway for São Paulo Coffee » Emperor
Dom Pedro
II » Emperor
Dom Pedro
II » Palácio da
Quinta da Boa Vista 1 2
3 (second imperial palace in Rio, larger
than the Paço Imperial; today is the National
Museum) » Palácio Rio
Negro, Imperial Summer Residnece in Petropolis
1 2
(tour of museum and a gallery of photos) 3
(palace lit at night) » Early Brazilian
Furniture and Furnishings (click "móveis," "diversos," and "esculturas")
» Almanac of Imperial
Court, 1844-1889 (business and government
directory) » Development
of Postal and Telegraph Services 1 2 with Images
of Stamps during Empire » Pioneer
entrepreneur, the Baron of
Mauá » War of the Triple
Alliance 1 2 or
Paraguayan War, 1864 (also 1865)-1870 with Contemporary Woodcut
Illustrations of War and Map of War
Theater » Duke of
Caxias 1 2
3
4,
field marshal and national military hero, with military Anthem to him
(click "arquivo" to hear) » Ana
Nery, pioneer of nursing in Brazil and a "Florence Nightingale" in the war
with Paraguay » Four
Major Legal Stages of Abolition: 1851, the end of slave trade; 1871
the Lei da Ventre
Livre meaning the Law of the Free Womb; 1885, freeing of +60-aged slaves;
1888, the Lei
Áurea, meaning the Golden Law,
abolishing slavery » Joaquim Nabuco 1 2, abolition
leader » Júlio Mesquita, founder of the republican and
abolitionist newspaper, O Estado de São Paulo (archive of photos) » Princess Isabel,
the "redentora" of abolition »
Declaration of Abolition
and of
the Republic »
Proclamation
of the Republic at the Paço Imperial, 15 November 1889; and Dom
Pedro II Presents His Abdication, 16 November 1889; and Dom
Pedro II Sails into Exile in Europe, 17 November 1889
» La
Marseillaise, just as others attempting to overthrow monarchies or
authoritarian regimes, the Brazilian republican movement used the French
national anthem as a rallying song » Current Pretendants to the
Brazilian Throne » Positivism,
Military, and Modernizing Technical Elites » Field
Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca 1 2, military leader of the coup establishing the
Republic » Rui Barbosa
1 2, civilian leader, and principal author of the Republican
Constitution of 1891 for a "United States of
Brazil"
» The Emergence of native
themes in painting: Vitor
Meireles 1 2 and
José
Ferraz de Almeida Júnior 1 2 and Eliseu
Visconti 1 2
» Nativist themes in literature: José de Alencar » Antônio de
Castro Alves, abolitionist poet and his poem, O Navio Negreiro (in
various translations) » Development of Book
Publishing » Beginnings of Brazilian musical nationalism:
Alexandre
Levy and Carlos Gomes and Alberto
Nepomuceno and Leopoldo Miguez
and Henrique
Oswald and Francisco
Braga with Recordings of Composers
(select composer from screen menu)
» Brazilian popular music: Life and Music of Chiquinha
Gonzaga, earliest composer of samba, Ô abre alas que eu quero
passar... » Parallel factors in
Brazil and Portugal in the emergence of samba and Portuguese
Fado with Fado
Recordings » Development
of Photography and Earliest
Photos in Brazil » Marc
Ferrez and Pioneer
Brazilian Photographers » Elite Fashion from French
Models » Naturalists in the Amazon: Charles Darwin in
Brazil Alfred Russel Wallace
1 2 3 and Henry Walter
Bates (1848) and William Herndon
(1851-1852)and Louis
Agassiz with the Thayer
Expedition (1865-1866) » Benjamin
Constant Institute (history video), beginnings (1869-1890) of education for
the blind
