This guide is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001).

Use the Reference style for items listed alphabetically at the end of the research paper. The In-Text style is for the same items referred to in the body of the paper. Include page numbers in the In-Text style only when directly quoting from a source (as shown in all examples below). When paraphrasing from the source, omit the In-Text page numbers.

For additional examples, please refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed.. available in the reference collections in the Ackerman Library; Sullivant Library; and other Ohio State University libraries. (Call number: BF76.7.P83 2001). See also "Frequently Asked Questions" on the APA Web site at http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html.

Please note:

APA now uses hanging indent formatting in the reference list

For In-Text direct quotes, add page numbers: e.g., (Komisar, 1991, p. 13)

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Reference:

Komisar, L. (1991). The new feminism. New York: 
	Franklin Watts.

In-Text:

(Komisar, 1991, p. 201) 

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Reference:

Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E.B. (1979). The elements 
	of style(3rd ed.). New York:Macmillan.

In-Text: (two authors):

(Strunk & White, 1979, p. 43)

In-Text (three or more authors):

(Strunk, White, & Smith, 1979, p. 43)

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Reference

Ohio State University Natural Resources Institute (1959). 
	A directory of Ohio facilities and services for 	
	resources conservation. Columbus, OH:Natural 
	Resources Institute.

In-Text

(Ohio State University Natural Resources Institute, 1959, p. 33)

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Reference

Roll, W.P. (1976). ESP and memory. In J.M.O. Wheatley
	& H.L. Edge (Eds.), Philosophical dimensions 
	of parapsychology (pp. 154-184). Springfield, 
	IL:American Psychiatric Press.

In-Text

(Roll, 1976, p. 161)

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Reference:

Maki, R.H. (1982). Categorization effects which occur 
	in comparative judgment tasks. Memory & 
	Cognition, 10, 252-264.

In-Text:

(Maki, 1982, p. 260)

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Reference:

Atkinson, R.C., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1971). The control of 
	short-term memory. Scientific American, 225, 
	82-90.

In-Text

(Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1971, p. 87)

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Reference:

The blood business. (1992, September 11). Time, 97, 
	47-48.

In-Text:

("Blood Business," 1992, p. 47)

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Magazine Article

(one author)

Reference:

Kandel, E. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: 
	Breaking down scientific barriers to the study 
	of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120.

In-Text:

(Kandel, 2000, p. 1119)

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Reference

Warren, S.A. (1977). Mental retardation and environment. 
	In International encyclopedia of psychiatry, 
	psychology, psychoanalysis, and neurology (Vol. 7, 
	pp. 202-207). New York: Aesculapius Publishers.

In-Text:

(Warren, 1977, p. 204) 

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Reference:

Amazing Amazon region. (1989, January 12). New 
	York Times, pp. D11, D14.

In-Text:

("Amazing Amazon Region," 1989, p. D11)

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Reference:

Mead, J.V. (1992). Looking at old photgraphs: 
	Investigating the teacher tales that novice 
	teachers bring with them. (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). 
	East Lansing, MI:National Center for Research on 
	Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction 
	Service No. ED346082).

In-Text:

(Mead, 1992)

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Reference:

Jacobson, J.W., Mulick, J.A., & Schwartz, A.A. (1995). 
	A history of facilitated communication: Science, 
	pseudoscience, and antiscience. American Psychologist, 
	50, 750-765. Retrieved from PsycINFO database.

In-Text:

(Jacobson et al., 1995, p. 755)

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Reference:

Vanden, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference 
	elements in the selection of resources by psychology 
	undergraduates. [Electronic version]. Journal of 
	Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

In-Text:

(Vanden et al., 2001, p. 120)

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Reference:

Mead, J.V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating 
	the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them. 
	East Lansing, MI:National Center for research on Teacher 
	Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED346082) 
	Retrieved from ERIC (Educational Resources Information 
	Center) database 

In-Text:

(Mead, 1992)

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Reference:

Thaller, M. (2007) Cool cosmos. Retrieved August 27, 
	2007, from http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/

In-Text:

(Thaller, 2007)

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Refer to:

Electronic Reference Formats Recommended by the American Psychological Association http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

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Last Update: 1/18/08